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Meta sheds more light on how it is evolving Llama 3 training — it relies for now on almost 50,000 Nvidia H100 GPU, but how long before Meta switches to its own AI chip?

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Meta has unveiled details about its AI training infrastructure, revealing that it currently relies on almost 50,000 Nvidia H100 GPUs to train its open source Llama 3 LLM. 

The company says it will have over 350,000 Nvidia H100 GPUs in service by the end of 2024, and the computing power equivalent to nearly 600,000 H100s when combined with hardware from other sources.

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Code Llama 70B beats ChatGPT-4 at coding and programming

Code Llama 70B beats ChatGPT-4 at coding and programming

Developers, coders and those of you learning to program might be interested to know that the latest Code Llama 70B large language model released by Meta and specifically designed to help you improve your coding. Has apparently beaten OpenAI’s ChatGPT  when asking for coding advice, code snippets and coding across a number of different programming languages.

Meta AI recently unveiled Codellama-70B, the new sophisticated large language model (LLM) that has outperformed the well-known GPT-4 in coding tasks. This model is a part of the Codellama series, which is built on the advanced Lama 2 architecture, and it comes in three specialized versions to cater to different coding needs.

The foundational model is designed to be a versatile tool for a variety of coding tasks. For those who work primarily with Python, there’s a Python-specific variant that has been fine-tuned to understand and generate code in this popular programming language with remarkable precision. Additionally, there’s an instruct version that’s been crafted to follow and execute natural language instructions with a high degree of accuracy, making it easier for developers to translate their ideas into code. If you’re interested in learning how to run the new Code Llama 70B AI model locally on your PC check out our previous article

Meta Code Llama AI coding assistant

What sets Codellama-70B apart from its predecessors is its performance on the HumanEval dataset, a collection of coding problems used to evaluate the proficiency of coding models. Codellama-70B scored higher than GPT-4, marking a significant achievement for LLMs in the realm of coding. The training process for this model was extensive, involving the processing of a staggering 1 trillion tokens, focusing on the version with 70 billion parameters.

Here are some other articles you may find of interest on the subject of using artificial intelligence to help you learn to code or improve your programming skills.

The specialized versions of Codellama-70B, particularly the Python-specific and instruct variants, have undergone fine-tuning to ensure they don’t just provide accurate responses but also offer solutions that are contextually relevant and can be applied to real-world coding challenges. This fine-tuning process is what enables Codellama-70B to deliver high-quality, practical solutions that can be a boon for developers.

Recognizing the potential of Codellama-70B, Meta AI has made it available for both research and commercial use. This move underscores the model’s versatility and its potential to be used in a wide range of applications. Access to Codellama-70B is provided through a request form, and for those who are familiar with the Hugging Face platform, the model is available there as well. In an effort to make Codellama-70B even more accessible, a quantized version is in development, which aims to offer the same robust performance but with reduced computational requirements.

One of the key advantages of Codellama-70B is its compatibility with various operating systems. This means that regardless of the development environment on your local machine, you can leverage the capabilities of Codellama-70B. But the model’s expertise isn’t limited to simple coding tasks. It’s capable of generating code for complex programming projects, such as calculating the Fibonacci sequence or creating interactive web pages that respond to user interactions.

For developers and researchers looking to boost coding efficiency, automate repetitive tasks, or explore the possibilities of AI-assisted programming, Codellama-70B represents a significant step forward. Its superior performance on coding benchmarks, specialized versions for targeted tasks, and broad accessibility make it a valuable asset in the toolkit of any developer or researcher in the field of AI and coding. With Codellama-70B, the future of coding looks more efficient and intelligent, offering a glimpse into how AI can enhance and streamline the development process.

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Llama 3 coming soon says Mark Zuckerberg

Llama 3 coming soon reveals Mark Zuckerberg, CEO of Meta

Meta, the tech giant formerly known as Facebook, is making a significant leap into the realm of artificial intelligence (AI) with its new project, Llama 3. This advanced AI model is not just another incremental improvement; it represents a major step toward creating machines that can think and interact like humans. Mark Zuckerberg, the CEO of Meta, has unveiled a plan that is both bold and comprehensive, involving a dramatic expansion of the company’s computational capabilities.

The heart of Meta’s new initiative is the pursuit of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), a type of AI that can understand, learn, and apply knowledge in a way that is indistinguishable from human intelligence. Llama 3 is designed to be a powerhouse in this field, with a focus on mastering general intelligence, processing natural language effectively, and engaging in human-like conversations.

To power Llama 3, Meta is gearing up to deploy a formidable fleet of Nvidia H100 graphics processing units (GPUs)—350,000 of them by the year’s end. This move will significantly boost the company’s processing power, which is essential for running the complex algorithms that advanced AI models like Llama 3 require. When you factor in other types of GPUs that Meta plans to use, the total computational power will be equivalent to having 600,000 H100 GPUs at their disposal.

Llama 3 soon-to-be-released by Meta

Here are some other articles you may find of interest on the subject of the Llama large language model :

The financial stakes are high, with Meta investing over $10 billion into this project. This hefty sum reflects the company’s belief in the transformative potential of AI technology. In a move that underscores their commitment to innovation and collaboration, Meta intends to make Llama 3 an open-source project. This means that developers and researchers from all over the world will be able to contribute to its development and harness its capabilities for their own projects.

But the implications of Llama 3 extend far beyond just raw computing power. Meta has its sights set on integrating AI into the metaverse—a virtual space where people can interact through digital avatars. The company believes that by the 2030s, smart glasses will be a common way for people to access AI within the metaverse, offering a more seamless and intuitive way to engage with digital content.

Meta’s commitment to Llama 3 and the expansion of its infrastructure is a clear indication that the company is taking significant strides toward achieving AGI. This initiative is not just about pouring money into technology; it’s about fostering an environment of open-source collaboration and looking ahead to a future where AI and the metaverse are intertwined. The integration of Nvidia H100 GPUs will provide the necessary computational strength, while advancements in natural language processing and conversational AI are poised to transform how we interact with digital platforms.

As Meta pushes forward with Llama 3, it’s important to keep an eye on how this technology will evolve. The company’s efforts are set to deepen the integration of AI into our digital lives, changing the way we connect with the world around us. This isn’t just about creating smarter machines; it’s about reshaping our digital experiences and opening up new possibilities for human-computer interaction. With Llama 3, Meta is not just chasing after a new technology trend; it’s attempting to build a bridge to a future where AI is as common and easy to interact with as any other tool we use today.

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LLaMA Pro AI progressive LLaMA with block expansion

LLaMA Pro progressive LLaMA with block expansion

Artificial intelligence (AI) is constantly evolving, and researchers are always on the lookout for ways to improve how these systems learn. A recent breakthrough in the field has been the development of a new technique that helps AI remember old information while learning new things. This problem, known as catastrophic forgetting, has been a significant hurdle in AI development. The new method, called block expansion, has been applied to a sophisticated AI model known as the Large Language Model (LLaMA), resulting in an enhanced version dubbed LLaMA Pro.

The LLaMA 7B model, which is already quite advanced, has been upgraded with additional layers that are designed to take on new tasks without losing the knowledge it already has. This is a big step for AI systems that aim to learn continuously, much like humans do throughout their lives. The researchers behind this innovation have put the LLaMA Pro AI model to the test against various coding and math challenges. The outcome is quite remarkable: the model not only picks up new skills but also keeps up its performance on tasks it learned before. This shows that the model can handle multiple tasks effectively.

One of the key aspects of block expansion is the careful addition and specific initialization of new layers. This method ensures that the model focuses on learning new information without disrupting what it has already learned. This approach is noteworthy because it could mean that less computing power and data are needed to train large AI models, which is usually a resource-intensive process.

LLaMA Pro

“Humans generally acquire new skills without compromising the old; however, the opposite holds for Large Language Models (LLMs), e.g., from LLaMA to CodeLLaMA. To this end, we propose a new post-pretraining method for LLMs with an expansion of Transformer blocks. We tune the expanded blocks using only new corpus, efficiently and effectively improving the model’s knowledge without catastrophic forgetting. In this paper, we experiment on the corpus of code and math, yielding LLaMA Pro-8.3B, a versatile foundation model initialized from LLaMA2-7B, excelling in general tasks, programming, and mathematics.

LLaMA Pro and its instruction-following counterpart (LLaMA Pro-Instruct) achieve advanced performance among various benchmarks, demonstrating superiority over existing open models in the LLaMA family and the immense potential of reasoning and addressing diverse tasks as an intelligent agent. Our findings provide valuable insights into integrating natural and programming languages, laying a solid foundation for developing advanced language agents that operate effectively in various environments.”

Here are some other articles you may find of interest on the subject of LLaMA AI models :

The team behind this research put the LLaMA Pro model through extensive testing, which involved training it for thousands of hours on a dataset that included coding and math problems. The tests proved that the model is not only capable of taking on new challenges but also does not forget its previous training.

This advancement in the LLaMA Pro model, with its block expansion technique, represents a significant step forward in the field of machine learning. It addresses the issue of catastrophic forgetting, making AI systems more efficient and effective. As AI becomes more complex, innovations like this are crucial for the development of technology that will impact our future. Read more about the latest AI technologies in the LLaMA Pro: Progressive LLaMA with Block Expansion research paper.

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Running Llama 2 on Apple M3 Silicon Macs locally

Running Llama 2 on Apple M3 Silicon hardware

Apple launched its new M3 Silicon back in October and has now made it available in a number of different systems allowing users to benefit from the next generation processing provided by the family of chips. If you are interested in learning more about running large language models on the latest Apple M3 silicon you’ll be pleased to know that Techno Premium as been testing out and demonstrating what you can expect from the processing power when running Meta’s Llama 2 large language model on the Apple silicon hardware. Check out the video below.

If you’re intrigued by the capabilities of large language models like Llama 2 and how they perform on cutting-edge hardware, the M3 chip’s introduction offers a fantastic opportunity to run large language models locally. Benefits include :

  • Enhanced GPU Performance: A New Era in Computing The M3 chip boasts a next-generation GPU, marking a significant advancement in Apple’s silicon graphics architecture. Its performance is not just about speed; it’s about efficiency and introducing groundbreaking technologies like Dynamic Caching. This feature ensures optimal memory usage for each task, a first in the industry. The benefits? Up to 2.5 times faster rendering speeds compared to the M1 chip series. This means, for large language models like Llama 2, the processing of complex algorithms and data-heavy tasks becomes smoother and more efficient.
  • Unparalleled CPU and Neural Engine Speeds The M3 chip’s CPU has performance cores that are 30% faster and efficiency cores that are 50% faster than those in the M1. The Neural Engine, crucial for tasks like natural language processing, is 60% faster. These enhancements ensure that large language models, which require intensive computational power, can operate more effectively, leading to quicker and more accurate responses.

Running LLMs on Apple M3 Silicon hardware

Here are some other articles you may find of interest on the subject of Apple’s latest M3 Silicon chips :

  • New Apple M3 iMac gets reviewed
  • New Apple M3, M3 Pro, and M3 Max silicon chips with next gen
  • Apple M3 MacBook Pro gets reviewed
  • Apple M3 iMac rumored to launch in October
  • New Apple MacBook Pro M3 Pro 14 and 16-inch laptops
  • Apple M3 Max Macbook Pro, 14 and 16 Core CPUs compared
  • New Apple MacBook Pro M3 14-inch laptop from $1,599
  • Advanced Media Processing Capabilities A noteworthy addition to the M3 chip is its new media engine, including support for AV1 decode. This means improved and efficient video experiences, which is essential for developers and users working with multimedia content in conjunction with language models.
  • Redefined Mac Experience Johny Srouji, Apple’s senior vice president of Hardware Technologies, highlights the M3 chip as a paradigm shift in personal computing. Its 3-nanometer technology, enhanced GPU and CPU, faster Neural Engine, and extended memory support collectively make the M3, M3 Pro, and M3 Max chips a powerhouse for high-performance computing tasks, like running advanced language models.
  • Dynamic Caching: A Revolutionary Approach Dynamic Caching is central to the M3’s new GPU architecture. It dynamically allocates local memory in hardware in real-time, ensuring only the necessary memory is used for each task. This efficiency is key for running complex language models, as it optimizes resource usage and boosts overall performance.
  •  Introduction of Ray Tracing and Mesh Shading The M3 chips bring hardware-accelerated ray tracing to Mac for the first time. This technology, crucial for realistic and accurate image rendering, also benefits language models when they are used in conjunction with graphics-intensive applications. Mesh shading, another new feature, enhances the processing of complex geometries, important for graphical representations in AI applications.
  • Legendary Power Efficiency Despite these advancements, the M3 chips maintain Apple silicon’s hallmark power efficiency. The M3 GPU delivers performance comparable to the M1 while using nearly half the power. This means running large language models like Llama 2 becomes more sustainable and cost-effective.

If you are considering large language models like Llama 2 locally, the latest Apple M3 range of chips offers an unprecedented level of performance and efficiency. You will be pleased to know that whether it’s faster processing speeds, enhanced graphics capabilities, or more efficient power usage, the Apple M3 chips cater to the demanding needs of advanced AI applications.

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LLaMA Factory lets you easily find tune and train LLMs

Easily fine tune and train large language models

If you are looking for ways to easily fine-tune and train large language models (LLMs) you might be interested in a new project called LLaMA Factory. that incorporates the LLaMA Board a one-stop online web user interface method for training and refining large language models. Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) is a critical step in enhancing their effectiveness and applicability across various domains.

Initially, LLMs are trained on vast, general datasets, which gives them a broad understanding of language and knowledge. However, this generalist approach may not always align with the specific needs of certain domains or tasks. That’s where fine-tuning comes into play. One of the primary reasons for fine-tuning LLMs is to tailor them to specific applications or subject matter.

For instance, models trained on general data might not perform optimally in specialized fields such as medicine, law, or technical subjects. Fine-tuning with domain-specific data ensures the model’s responses are both accurate and relevant, greatly improving its utility in these specialized areas. Moreover, fine-tuning can significantly enhance the model’s overall performance. It refines the model’s understanding of context, sharpens its accuracy, and minimizes the generation of irrelevant or incorrect information.

Using LLaMA Factory to find tune LLMs is not only efficient and cost-effective, but it also supports a wide range of major open-source models, including Llama, Falcon, Mistol, Quin chat, GLM, and more. The LLaMA Factory features a user-friendly web user interface (Web UI), making it easily accessible to users with different levels of technical knowledge. This intuitive interface allows you to adjust the self-cognition of an instruction tune language model in just 10 minutes, using a single graphics processing unit (GPU). This swift and efficient process highlights the LLaMA Factory’s dedication to user-friendly design and functionality.

Easily fine tune LLMs using LLaMA Factory

Furthermore, the LLaMA Factory gives you the ability to set the language, checkpoints, model name, and model path. This level of customization ensures that the model is tailored to your specific needs and goals, providing a personalized experience. You also have the option to upload various files for model training, enabling a more focused and individualized approach to model development.

Other articles we have written that you may find of interest on the subject of fine tuning large language models:

LLaMA Factory

After your model has been trained and fine-tuned, the LLaMA Factory provides you with the tools to evaluate its performance. This essential step ensures that the model is operating at its best and meeting your predefined goals. Following the evaluation, you can export the model for further use or integration into other systems. This feature offers flexibility and convenience, allowing you to get the most out of your model. If you’re interested in integrating GPT AI models into your website check out our previous article.

Beyond its technical capabilities, the LLaMA Factory also plays a vital role in nurturing a vibrant AI community. It provides a private Discord channel that offers paid subscriptions for AI tools, courses, research papers, networking, and consulting opportunities. This feature not only enhances your technical skills but also allows you to connect with other AI enthusiasts and professionals. This fosters a sense of community and encourages collaboration and knowledge sharing, further enriching your experience.

Fine tuning LLMs

Another critical aspect of fine-tuning involves addressing and mitigating biases. LLMs, like any AI system, can inherit biases from their training data. By fine-tuning with carefully curated datasets, these biases can be reduced, leading to more neutral and fair responses. This process is particularly vital in ensuring that the model adheres to ethical standards and reflects a balanced perspective.

Furthermore, the world is constantly evolving, with new information and events shaping our society. LLMs trained on historical data may not always be up-to-date with these changes. Fine-tuning with recent information keeps the model relevant, informed, and capable of understanding and responding to contemporary issues. This aspect is crucial for maintaining the model’s relevance and usefulness.

Lastly, fine-tuning allows for customization based on user needs and preferences. Different applications might require tailored responses, and fine-tuning enables the model to adapt its language, tone, and content style accordingly. This customization is key in enhancing the user experience, making interactions with the model more engaging and relevant. Additionally, in sensitive areas such as privacy, security, and content moderation, fine-tuning ensures the model’s compliance with legal requirements and ethical guidelines.

In essence, fine-tuning is not just an enhancement but a necessity for LLMs, ensuring they are accurate, unbiased, up-to-date, and tailored to specific user needs and ethical standards. It’s a process that significantly extends the utility and applicability of these models in our ever-changing world.

The LLaMA Factory represents a great way to quickly and easily fine tune large language models for your own applications and uses. Its user-friendly interface, customization options, and community-building features make it an invaluable tool for both AI beginners and experts. Whether you’re looking to develop a language model for a specific project or seeking to expand your knowledge in the field of AI, the LLaMA Factory offers a comprehensive solution that caters to a wide range of needs and goals. it is available to download from its official GitHub repository where full instructions on installation and usage are available.

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How to fine tune Llama 2 LLM models just 5 minutes

How to easily fine-tune Llama 2 LLM models just 5 minutes

If you are interested in learning more about how to fine-tune large language models such as Llama 2 created by Meta. You are sure to enjoy this quick video and tutorial created by Matthew Berman on how to fine-tune Llama 2 in just five minutes.  Fine-tuning AI models, specifically the Llama 2 model, has become an essential process for many businesses and individuals alike.

Fine tuning an AI model involves feeding the model with additional information to train it for new use cases, provide it with more business-specific knowledge, or even to make it respond in certain tones. This article will walk you through how you can fine-tune your Llama 2 model in just five minutes, using readily available tools such as Gradient and Google Colab.

Gradient is a user-friendly platform that offers $10 in free credits, enabling users to integrate AI models into their applications effortlessly. The platform facilitates the fine-tuning process, making it more accessible to a wider audience. To start, you need to sign up for a new account on Gradient’s homepage and create a new workspace. It’s a straightforward process that requires minimal technical knowledge.

Gradient AI

“Gradient makes it easy for you to personalize and build on open-source LLMs through a simple fine-tuning and inference web API. We’ve created comprehensive guides and documentation to help you start working with Gradient as quickly as possible. The Gradient developer platform provides simple web APIs for tuning models and generating completions. You can create a private instance of a base model and instruct it on your data to see how it learns in real time. You can access the web APIs through a native CLI, as well as Python and Javascript SDKs.  Let’s start building! “

How to easily fine tune Llama 2

The fine-tuning process requires two key elements: the workspace ID and an API token. Both of these can be easily located on the Gradient platform once you’ve created your workspace. Having these in hand is the first step towards fine-tuning your Llama 2 model.

Other articles we have written that you may find of interest on the subject of fine tuning LLM AI models :

 

Google Colab

The next step takes place on Google Colab, a free tool that simplifies the process by eliminating the need for any coding from the user. Here, you will need to install the Gradient AI module and set the environment variables. This sets the stage for the actual fine-tuning process. Once the Gradient AI module is installed, you can import the Gradient library and set the base model. In this case, it is the Nous-Hermes, a fine-tuned version of the Llama 2 model. This base model serves as the foundation upon which further fine-tuning will occur.

Creating the model adapter

The next step is the creation of a model adapter, essentially a copy of the base model that will be fine-tuned. Once this is set, you can run a query. This is followed by running a completion, which is a prompt and response, using the newly created model adapter. The fine-tuning process is driven by training data. In this case, three samples about who Matthew Berman is were used. The actual fine-tuning occurs over several iterations, three times in this case, using the same dataset each time. The repetition ensures that the model is thoroughly trained and able to respond accurately to prompts.

Checking your fine tuned AI model

After the fine-tuning, you can generate the prompt and response again to verify if the model now has the custom information you wanted it to learn. This step is crucial in assessing the effectiveness of the fine-tuning process. Once the process is complete, the adapter can be deleted. However, if you intend to use the fine-tuned model for personal or business use, it is advisable to keep the model adapter.

Using ChatGPT to generate the datasets

For creating the data sets for training, OpenAI’s ChatGPT is a useful tool as it can help you generate the necessary data sets efficiently, making the process more manageable. Fine-tuning your Llama 2 model is a straightforward process that can be accomplished in just five minutes, thanks to platforms like Gradient and tools like Google Colab. The free credits offered by Gradient make it an affordable option for those looking to train their own models and use their inference engine.

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Llama 2 70B vs Zephyr-7B LLM models compared

Llama 2 70B vs Zephyr-7B LLM models compared

A new language model known as Zephyr has been created. The Zephyr-7B-α large language model, has been designed to function as helpful assistants, providing a new level of interaction and utility in the realm of AI. This Llama 2 70B vs Zephyr-7B overview guide and comparison video will provide more information on the development and performance of Zephyr-7B. Exploring its training process, the use of Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) for alignment, and its performance in comparison to other models.  In Greek mythology, Zephyr or Zephyrus is the god of the west wind, often depicted as a gentle breeze bringing in the spring season.

Zephyr-7B-α, the first model in the Zephyr series, is a fine-tuned version of Mistral-7B-v0.1. The model was trained on a mix of publicly available, synthetic datasets using Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), a technique that has proven to be effective in enhancing the performance of language models. Interestingly, the developers found that removing the in-built alignment of these datasets boosted performance on MT Bench and made the model more helpful. However, this also means that the model is likely to generate problematic text when prompted to do so, and thus, it is recommended for use only for educational and research purposes.

Llama 2 70B vs Zephyr-7B

If you are interested in learning more the Prompt Engineering YouTube channel has created a new video comparing it with  the massive Llama 2 70B AI model.

 Previous articles we have written that you might be interested in on the subject of the Mistral and Llama 2 AI models :

The initial fine-tuning of Zephyr-7B-α was carried out on a variant of the UltraChat dataset. This dataset contains a diverse range of synthetic dialogues generated by ChatGPT, providing a rich and varied source of data for training. The model was then further aligned with TRL’s DPOTrainer on the openbmb/UltraFeedback dataset, which contains 64k prompts and model completions that are ranked by GPT-4.

It’s important to note that Zephyr-7B-α has not been aligned to human preferences with techniques like RLHF or deployed with in-the-loop filtering of responses like ChatGPT. This means that the model can produce problematic outputs, especially when prompted to do so. The size and composition of the corpus used to train the base model (mistralai/Mistral-7B-v0.1) are unknown, but it is likely to have included a mix of Web data and technical sources like books and code.

When it comes to performance, Zephyr-7B-α holds its own against other models. A comparison with the Lama 270 billion model, for instance, shows that Zephyr’s development and training process has resulted in a model that is capable of producing high-quality outputs. However, as with any AI model, the quality of the output is largely dependent on the quality and diversity of the input data.

Testing of Zephyr’s writing, reasoning, and coding abilities has shown promising results. The model is capable of generating coherent and contextually relevant text, demonstrating a level of understanding and reasoning that is impressive for a language model. Its coding abilities, while not on par with a human coder, are sufficient for basic tasks and provide a glimpse into the potential of AI in the field of programming.

The development and performance of the Zephyr-7B-α AI model represent a significant step forward in the field of AI language models. Its training process, use of DPO for alignment, and performance in comparison to other models all point to a future where AI models like Zephyr could play a crucial role in various fields, from education and research to programming and beyond. However, it’s important to remember that Zephyr, like all AI models, is a tool and its effectiveness and safety depend on how it is used and managed.

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How Meta created Llama 2 large language model (LLM)

How Meta created Llama 2

The development and evolution of language models have been a significant area of interest in the field of artificial intelligence. One such AI model that has garnered attention is Llama 2, an updated version of the original Llama model. Meta the development team behind Llama 2 has made significant strides in improving the model’s capabilities, with a focus on open-source tooling and community feedback. This guide provides more details on how Meta created Llama 2 delves into the development, features, and potential applications of Llama 2, providing an in-depth look at the advancements in large language models. Thanks to a presentation by Angela Fan a research scientist at Meta AI Research Paris who focuses on machine translation.

Llama 2 was developed with the feedback and encouragement from the community. The team behind the model has been transparent about the development process, emphasizing the importance of open-source tools. This approach has allowed for a more collaborative and inclusive development process, fostering a sense of community around the project.

How Meta developed Llama 2

The architecture of Llama 2 is similar to the original, using a standard Transformer-based architecture. However, the new model comes in three different parameter sizes: 7 billion, 13 billion, and 70 billion parameters. The 70 billion parameter model offers the highest quality, but the 7 billion parameter model is the fastest and smallest, making it popular for practical applications. This flexibility in parameter sizes allows for a more tailored approach to different use cases.

The pre-training data set for Llama 2 uses two trillion tokens of text found on the internet, predominantly in English, compared to 1.4 trillion in Llama 1. This increase in data set size has allowed for a more comprehensive and diverse range of language patterns and structures to be incorporated into the model. The context length in Llama 2 has also been expanded to around 4,000 tokens, up from 2,000 in Llama 1, enhancing the model’s ability to handle longer and more complex conversations.

Other articles you may find of interest on the subject of  Llama 2 :

Training Llama 2

The training process for Llama 2 involves three core steps: pre-training, fine-tuning to make it a chat model, and a human feedback loop to produce different reward models for helpfulness and harmlessness. The team found that high-quality data set annotation was crucial for achieving high-quality supervised fine-tuning examples. They also used rejection sampling and proximal policy optimization techniques for reinforcement learning with human feedback. This iterative improvement process showed a linear improvement in both safety and helpfulness metrics, indicating that it’s possible to improve both aspects simultaneously.

The team behind Llama 2 also conducted both automatic and human evaluations, with around 4,000 different prompts evaluated for helpfulness and 2,000 for harmlessness. However, they acknowledged that human evaluation can be subjective, especially when there are many possible valuable responses to a prompt. They also highlighted that the distribution of prompts used for evaluation can heavily affect the quality of the evaluation, as people care about a wide variety of topics.

AI models

Llama 2 has been introduced as a competitive model that performs significantly better than open-source models like Falcon or Llama 1, and is quite competitive with models like GPT 3.5 or Palm. The team also discussed the concept of “temporal perception”, where the model is given a cut-off date for its knowledge and is then asked questions about events after that date. This feature allows the model to provide more accurate and contextually relevant responses.

Despite the advancements made with Llama 2, the team acknowledges that there are still many open questions to be resolved in the field. These include issues around the hallucination behavior of models, the need for models to be more factual and precise, and questions about scalability and the types of data used. They also discussed the use of Llama 2 as a judge in evaluating the performance of other models, and the challenges of using the model to evaluate itself.

Fine tuning

The team also mentioned that they have not released their supervised fine-tuning dataset, and that the model’s access to APIs is simulated rather than real. They noted that the model’s tool usage is not particularly robust and that more work needs to be done in this area. However, they also discussed the potential use of language models as writing assistants, suggesting that the fine-tuning strategy and data domain should be adjusted depending on the intended use of the model.

Llama 2 represents a significant step forward in the development of large language models. Its improved capabilities, coupled with the team’s commitment to open-source tooling and community feedback, make it a promising tool for a variety of applications. However, as with any technology, it is important to continue refining and improving the model, addressing the challenges and open questions that remain. The future of large language models like Llama 2 is bright, and it will be exciting to see how they continue to evolve and shape the field of artificial intelligence.

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How to install Ollama LLM locally to run Llama 2, Code Llama

How to install Ollama locally to run Llama 2 and other LLm models

Large language models (LLMs) have become a cornerstone for various applications, from text generation to code completion. However, running these models locally can be a daunting task, especially for those who are not well-versed in the technicalities of AI.  This is where Ollama comes into play.

Ollama is a user-friendly tool designed to run large language models locally on a computer, making it easier for users to leverage the power of LLMs. This article will provide a comprehensive guide on how to install and use Ollama to run Llama 2, Code Llama, and other LLM models.

Ollama is a tool that supports a variety of AI models including LLaMA-2, uncensored LLaMA, CodeLLaMA, Falcon, Mistral, Vicuna model, WizardCoder, and Wizard uncensored. It is currently compatible with MacOS and Linux, with Windows support expected to be available soon. Ollama operates through the command line on a Mac or Linux machine, making it a versatile tool for those comfortable with terminal-based operations.

Easily install and use Ollama locally

One of the unique features of Ollama is its support for importing GGUF and GGML file formats in the Modelfile. This means if you have a model that is not in the Ollama library, you can create it, iterate on it, and upload it to the Ollama library to share with others when you are ready.

 

 

Installation and Setup of Ollama

To use Ollama, users first need to download it from the official website. After downloading, the installation process is straightforward and similar to other software installations. Once installed, Ollama creates an API where it serves the model, allowing users to interact with the model directly from their local machine.

Downloading and Running Models Using Ollama

Running models using Ollama is a simple process. Users can download and run models using the ‘run’ command in the terminal. If the model is not installed, Ollama will automatically download it first. This feature saves users from the hassle of manually downloading and installing models, making the process more streamlined and user-friendly.

Creating Custom Prompts with Ollama

Ollama also allows users to create custom prompts, adding a layer of personalization to the models. For instance, a user can create a model called ‘Hogwarts’ with a system prompt set to answer as Professor Dumbledore from Harry Potter. This feature opens up a world of possibilities for users to customize their models according to their specific needs and preferences.

Removing Models from Ollama

Just as adding models is easy with Ollama, removing them is equally straightforward. Users can remove models using the ‘remove’ command in the terminal. This feature ensures that users can manage their models efficiently, keeping their local environment clean and organized.

Ollama is a powerful tool that simplifies the process of running large language models locally. Whether you want to run Llama 2, Code Llama, or any other LLM model, Ollama provides a user-friendly platform to do so. With its support for custom prompts and easy model management, Ollama is set to become a go-to tool for AI enthusiasts and professionals alike. As we await the Windows version, Mac and Linux users can start exploring the world of large language models with Ollama.

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