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Is ChatGPT corrupting peer review? Telltale words hint at AI use

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A close up view of ChatGPT displayed on a laptop screen while two hands are poised to type.

A study suggests that researchers are using chatbots to assist with peer review.Credit: Rmedia7/Shutterstock

A study that identified buzzword adjectives that could be hallmarks of AI-written text in peer-review reports suggests that researchers are turning to ChatGPT and other artificial intelligence (AI) tools to evaluate others’ work.

The authors of the study1, posted on the arXiv preprint server on 11 March, examined the extent to which AI chatbots could have modified the peer reviews of conference proceedings submitted to four major computer-science meetings since the release of ChatGPT.

Their analysis suggests that up to 17% of the peer-review reports have been substantially modified by chatbots — although it’s unclear whether researchers used the tools to construct reviews from scratch or just to edit and improve written drafts.

The idea of chatbots writing referee reports for unpublished work is “very shocking” given that the tools often generate misleading or fabricated information, says Debora Weber-Wulff, a computer scientist at the HTW Berlin–University of Applied Sciences in Germany. “It’s the expectation that a human researcher looks at it,” she adds. “AI systems ‘hallucinate’, and we can’t know when they’re hallucinating and when they’re not.”

The meetings included in the study are the Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations, due to be held in Vienna next month, 2023’s Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, held in New Orleans, Louisiana, the 2023 Conference on Robot Learning in Atlanta, Georgia, and the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing in Singapore.

Nature reached out to the organizers of all four conferences for comment, but none responded.

Buzzword search

Since its release in November 2022, ChatGPT has been used to write a number of scientific papers, in some cases even being listed as an author. Out of more than 1,600 scientists who responded to a 2023 Nature survey, nearly 30% said they had used generative AI to write papers and around 15% said they had used it for their own literature reviews and to write grant applications.

In the arXiv study, a team led by Weixin Liang, a computer scientist at Stanford University in California, developed a technique to search for AI-written text by identifying adjectives that are used more often by AI than by humans.

By comparing the use of adjectives in a total of more than 146,000 peer reviews submitted to the same conferences before and after the release of ChatGPT, the analysis found that the frequency of certain positive adjectives, such as ‘commendable’, ‘innovative’, ‘meticulous’, ‘intricate’, ‘notable’ and ‘versatile’, had increased significantly since the chatbot’s use became mainstream. The study flagged the 100 most disproportionately used adjectives.

Reviews that gave a lower rating to conference proceedings or were submitted close to the deadline, and those whose authors were least likely to respond to rebuttals from authors, were most likely to contain these adjectives, and therefore most likely to have been written by chatbots at least to some extent, the study found.

“It seems like when people have a lack of time, they tend to use ChatGPT,” says Liang.

The study also examined more than 25,000 peer reviews associated with around 10,000 manuscripts that had been accepted for publication across 15 Nature portfolio journals between 2019 and 2023, but didn’t find a spike in usage of the same adjectives since the release of ChatGPT.

A spokesperson for Springer Nature said the publisher asks peer reviewers not to upload manuscripts into generative AI tools, noting that these still have “considerable limitations” and that reviews might include sensitive or proprietary information. (Nature’s news team is independent of its publisher.)

Springer Nature is exploring the idea of providing peer reviewers with safe AI tools to guide their evaluation, the spokesperson said.

Transparency issue

The increased prevalence of the buzzwords Liang’s study identified in post-ChatGPT reviews is “really striking”, says Andrew Gray, a bibliometrics support officer at University College London. The work inspired him to analyse the extent to which some of the same adjectives, as well as a selection of adverbs, crop up in peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2023. His findings, described in an arXiv preprint published on 25 March, show a significant increase in the use of certain terms, including ‘commendable’, ‘meticulous’ and ‘intricate’, since ChatGPT surfaced2. The study estimates that the authors of at least 60,000 papers published in 2023 — just over 1% of all scholarly studies published that year — used chatbots to some extent.

Gray says it’s possible peer reviewers are using chatbots only for copyediting or translation, but that a lack of transparency from authors makes it difficult to tell. “We have the signs that these things are being used,” he says, “but we don’t really understand how they’re being used.”

“We do not wish to pass a value judgement or claim that the use of AI tools for reviewing papers is necessarily bad or good,” Liang says. “But we do think that for transparency and accountability, it’s important to estimate how much of that final text might be generated or modified by AI.”

Weber-Wulff doesn’t think tools such as ChatGPT should be used to any extent during peer review, and worries that the use of chatbots might be even higher in cases in which referee reports are not published. (The reviews of papers published by Nature portfolio journals used in Liang’s study were available online as part of a transparent peer-review scheme.) “Peer review has been corrupted by AI systems,” she says.

Using chatbots for peer review could also have copyright implications, Weber-Wulff adds, because it could involve giving the tools access to confidential, unpublished material. She notes that the approach of using telltale adjectives to detect potential AI activity might work well in English, but could be less effective for other languages.

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I can’t believe I’m saying this, but I like Microsoft Word’s new default font better

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Change is hard – and for font nerds, it can be downright painful. They really feel the difference between Arial and Helvetica, and they know that Comic Sans is an embarrassment, and that Papyrus might be pure evil.

I’m not necessarily one of those people, but I don’t appreciate change – especially in fonts.



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Designing logos with words using DallE 3 and ChatGPT

Designing logos with words using DallE 3 and ChatGPT 2024

If you are interested in quickly creating new logos for your next business idea you might be interested to know that you can utilize the power of DallE 3 and ChatGPT to help you generate ideas or even a final solution. Enabling you to brainstorm a variety of different ideas quickly and effectively before employing a professional designer to create your final brand.

One thing AI has struggled with in the past is combining imagery and words together from prompts. However DallE 3 is becoming much better at doing this and is finally showing improvements in this area. As you can see from the image above which is been created using Midjourney you need to modify your final logo by placing in your name in a matching font. However DallE 3 allows you to use text prompts and conversation to craft your logo complete with words.

With the new OpenAI Dall-E 3 AI art generator, you can create a wide range of visual ideas and concepts based on textual descriptions, providing a visual springboard for your branding ideas. Meanwhile, ChatGPT can assist in refining these ideas, offering suggestions on design elements, color schemes, and typography, ensuring that your initial concepts are both creative and aligned with your brand’s ethos.

Designing logos with words using AI

Watch the tutorial below created by metricsmule to learn more about how you can use DallE 3 to create unique logos complete with words using the ChatGPT large language model. This process allows for the rapid exploration of diverse design options, helping you to quickly change and evolve your ideas. Once you have a clear direction, you can then collaborate with a professional designer who can take these AI-generated concepts and polish them into a sophisticated and polished final logo. This blend of AI-driven creativity and professional design expertise ensures that your brand’s identity is both unique and professionally crafted.

Other articles we have written that you may find of interest on the subject of OpenAI DallE 3 AI art image generator :

Tips when designing logos

A few things worth considering when you are designing logos with words for your brand or business.

  • Simplicity: A simple design facilitates quick recognition and allows the logo to be versatile and memorable. It doesn’t mean the logo should lack creativity or depth, but it should avoid complex graphics or too many colors and fonts. Apple’s logo, for example, is renowned for its simplicity and instant recognition.
  • Readability: The primary function of a word-based logo is to convey the brand’s name clearly. Regardless of the design’s artistic merits, if people can’t read or understand the logo at different sizes, it fails its basic function. This entails choosing fonts and sizes that remain legible across all applications, from a tiny logo in a website’s header to a large sign on a storefront.
  • Font Choice: The font is a powerful tool to convey the brand’s personality. Serif fonts, like those used by The New York Times, suggest tradition and reliability, while sans-serif fonts, used by companies like Google, convey a more modern and clean look. The choice of font should align with the brand’s character and industry expectations.
  • Color Scheme: Colors carry psychological connotations. For instance, blue often represents trust and stability and is popular in corporate logos. Green can suggest health and sustainability. The choice of colors should not only align with the brand’s identity but also be adaptable to various backgrounds and formats. Consideration of how the logo looks in monochrome is also crucial for certain applications.
  • Scalability: A logo must maintain its effectiveness whether it’s on a giant billboard or a small promotional pen. This scalability is a crucial aspect of the design process. For example, the Nike swoosh or McDonald’s arches are recognizable at any size.
  • Uniqueness and Originality: The logo should set a brand apart from its competition. It should avoid generic designs and instead aim to capture the unique aspects of the brand’s identity. This uniqueness helps in building a distinctive brand image.
  • Versatility: The logo should be functional across a variety of mediums and applications. It should work in digital formats, on print materials, on merchandise, and in both color and black and white. This requires thoughtful design to ensure consistency across all platforms.
  • Brand Consistency: The logo should be in harmony with the overall brand image, including the company’s messaging, website design, and marketing materials. This consistency helps in building a coherent brand identity.
  • Cultural Sensitivity: The logo should be designed with an awareness of cultural implications, including the meanings of colors and symbols in different cultures, to avoid unintended offenses or misinterpretations. This is especially important for brands with a global presence.
  • Timelessness: Aim for a logo design that withstands the test of time. Trendy designs can become outdated quickly. A timeless logo, like Coca-Cola’s, remains effective over many years, potentially with minor updates to keep it fresh.

the combination of Dall-E 3 and ChatGPT for designing word-based logos offers an exciting and accessible pathway for anyone, regardless of their design expertise. The beauty of this approach lies in its simplicity and effectiveness. You don’t need to be a professional designer to create a logo that captures the essence of your brand. By using these AI tools, you can turn your ideas into visual realities. You start by giving Dall-E 3 simple instructions or prompts about what you want. It could be something like “I want a logo with the word ‘Eco’ that suggests sustainability and nature.” Dall-E 3 then uses your words to generate various logo designs.

But it’s not just about creating a bunch of options. With ChatGPT, you can refine these ideas further. If you see a design you like but think it needs a little tweaking, ChatGPT can help you adjust your prompts to get closer to what you’re imagining. This means you can keep improving your logo until it’s just right.

What’s really great about using Dall-E 3 and ChatGPT is that it makes logo design fast and fun. You can try out lots of different ideas quickly, without spending hours drawing or editing. It’s like having a conversation where you explore different styles and concepts until you find the perfect fit for your brand.

Once you have a design that you love, you can always take it to a professional designer for those final touches. They can polish your AI-generated logo, making sure it looks professional and is ready to represent your brand to the world. In short, using Dall-E 3 and ChatGPT for your logo design is a smart, creative, and efficient way to bring your brand’s identity to life. It opens up a world of possibilities, allowing you to

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