Tag: Computers

There's nothing cooler than old computers, and Canadian artist Rocky Bergen has spent years creating paper replicas. From early Apple models to Ataris, Commodores and early IBM computers, Bergen has managed to create authentic recreations of retro hardware interiors.

"I like to pay homage to exceptional design and I can learn a lot by revisiting these famous designs. Making these items introduces me to the DNA of computer design and gives me lots of great ideas for my own projects. “, Bergen told Gizmodo. That's how I know computers. I started designing in 1993, so of course I've had a passion for gadgets ever since," Bergen said.

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Looking at this portfolio, you'll feel like you've been transported to another era. Bergen said he used what is called a bone file, a flat-bladed tool often used in bookbinding and origami. Paper such as A3 and cardboard are used. Bergen began his career three decades ago in the 1990s when he was still in high school. He then studied art and made his passion for design his profession.

“The first document is Amstrad CPC 464. It was basically a box and I thought it couldn't be too heavy. I spend most of my time on the keyboard, so I wasn't sure I could put it together, but I cut it all out and I'm very happy with my little Amstrad,” Bergen said. have never seen not. in real life, but when I saw it on the little table, it was a little more realistic."

In addition to displaying the paper works on his website, he also provides links to diagrams that users can download and print to create their own designs. Bergen says he is always working on new projects. "I finished my Apple II yesterday, so I expect it to be available soon. I also have some vectors that are about to expire," he added.

The story continues

Scroll down to find out about the great things to do in Bergen, and if you want to do something new, check out the Bergen website for more.

Apple 2

Apple II.

Apple – Lisa 1

Apple – Lisa 1.

Apple Macintosh 128K

Apple Macintosh 128K

Atari 520ST

Atari 520ST.

BBC microcomputer

BBC microcomputer.

Advanced Nintendo Video System

Nintendo AVS – 1985 prototype.

Commodore 64

Commodore 64.

Commodore Vik-20

Commodore Vik-20.

Commodore PET/CBM 2001

Commodore PET/CBM 2001.

IBM 5150 Personal Computer

IBM 5150 computer.

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As the evolution of standard microchips comes to an end, scientists are looking for a revolution. The big problem is the development of more energy efficient chips and devices that combine memory and logic (memristors). Materials scientists at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands describe in two papers how complex oxides can be used to create energy-efficient spin-orbit magnetoelectric (MESO) devices and small memristive devices.

The development of classical silicon-based computers is approaching the limit. Further miniaturization and lower power consumption require different types of materials and architectures.

Tamalika Banerjee, Professor of Functional Materials Spintronics at the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials at the University of Groningen, analyzes various quantum materials to create this new device. "Our approach is to study these materials and their interfaces, but always with an eye on applications such as memory or the combination of memory and logic."

More efficient

Banerjee's group has previously shown how to use doped strontium titanate to create memristors that combine memory and logic. They recently published two papers on "non-CMOS" devices that complement the metal oxide semiconductors that are the building blocks of today's computer chips.

One candidate to replace CMOS is the magnetoelectric spin-orbit device (MESO), which can be 10 to 30 times more efficient. Various materials have been studied for their suitability for the manufacture of such devices. Job van Rijn, Ph.D., a student of the Banerjee group, is the first author of a paper in Physical Review B published in December 2022 that explains how strontium manganate ( _SrMnO3 , or SMO for short) might be a good candidate for MESO. devices for:

“This is a multiferroic material that combines the effects of spintronics and charge,” explains van Rijn. Spintronics is based on the spin (magnetic moment) of electrons.

Banerjee says, "This material combines magnetism and charge ordering, so we can change magnetism with an electric field and polarization with a magnetic field." And most importantly, this effect is present at a temperature close to room temperature. Van Rijn explores the strong relationship between the two effects. “We know that ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity can be controlled by shielding SMO thin films. This tension is achieved by growing layers on different substrates.”

pressure

Van Rijn studied how deformation induces ferroelectricity in materials and how it affects the magnetic order. He analyzed the domains of the films being imaged and noted that the magnetic interactions are highly dependent on the crystal structure and, in particular, oxygen vacancies that change the direction of the desired magnetic sequence.

“Experiments on spin transport have led us to the conclusion that magnetic domains play an active role in devices made from this material. Thus, this study is the first step in the potential application of strontium manganate to new computing architectures.”

On February 14, Banerjee's group published a second paper on "non-CMOS" devices in Advanced Electronic Materials . Physician: Student Anouk Goossens is the first author of this article on fabricating memristors based on niobium-doped strontium titanate ( _SrTiO3 or STO). “The number of devices per unit area is important,” Goossens says. "But some types of memristors are hard to scale down."

Previously, Goossens showed that with STO it is possible to create devices with "logic in memory". Your last article shows that this device can be extended. A common problem with memristors is that their performance is adversely affected by miniaturization. Surprisingly, making a smaller memristor than STO increases the difference between high and low resistance.

“We examined the material using a scanning transmission electron microscope and noticed the presence of a large number of oxygen vacancies at the interface between the substrate and the electrodes of the device,” said Goossens. “Once a voltage was applied to the network, we saw a displacement of oxygen vacancies, which is a key factor in controlling the resistance state.”

New design

The bottom line is that performance gains come with edge effects that can damage conventional memory. But in STO, the added electric field at the ends actually supports the memristor function. “In our case, the target is the device,” Goossens concludes. “Furthermore, the exact properties depend on the amount of niobium doping, so the material can be tailored for different uses.”

In conclusion, two articles published by the group point the way to a new IT architecture. Indeed, the STO memristor inspired colleagues Goossens and Banerjee at the University of Groningen and the Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence at the University of Groningen and the Cognition University, who developed a new memory architecture design. .

"That's exactly what we're working on," Banerjee said. "We want to understand the physics of materials and how our devices work so we can develop applications." Goossens. “We envisioned several applications, and what we saw was a random number generator that works without an algorithm and therefore cannot be predicted.”

Stanford Seminar. The soul of a new car. Rethinking the computer

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March 6, 2023 (The Expresswire) – Pre and post-COVID reports reviewed | The final report will include an analysis of the Russian-Ukrainian war and the impact of COVID-19 on the tablet PC industry.

The revenue of the Tablet PC market was USD million in 2016, will reach USD million in 2021-2022, and will reach USD million in 2026 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) during 2022-2026. | (Number of pages: 96)

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Computers powered by human brain cells may sound like science fiction, but a group of American researchers believe such machines, part of a new field called organoid intelligence, can shape the future, and now they have plans to make it happen.

Organoids are lab-grown tissues that resemble organs. These three-dimensional constructs, usually derived from stem cells, have been used in laboratories for nearly two decades, where scientists experiment with substitutes for kidneys, lungs, and other organs to avoid dangerous experiments on humans or animals.

The brain's organelles don't actually look like miniature versions of the human brain, but cell cultures the size of a pencil point contain neurons that can perform brain-like functions by forming lots of connections.

Scientists call this phenomenon "intelligence on a plate."

© Provided by CNN. This enlarged image shows brain organelles obtained in Hartung's laboratory. Cultured neurons are stained to show red, cell nuclei in blue, and other accessory cells in red and green. – Courtesy of Jesse Plotkin/Johns Hopkins University

Professor of Health and Environmental Engineering at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the Whiting School of Engineering in Baltimore. In 2012, Thomas Hartung began growing brain organelles by modifying human skin samples.

He and his colleagues propose harnessing the power of brain organelles into a kind of biological hardware that is more energy efficient than a supercomputer. This "biocomputer" will use a network of brain organelles to revolutionize pharmaceutical tests for diseases such as Alzheimer's, providing insight into the human brain and changing the future of computing.

Hartung and colleagues' study, which describes the organoid exploration plan, was published Tuesday in the journal Frontiers in Science.

"Computers and artificial intelligence are driving the technological revolution, but they have reached their limits," said Hartung, the study's lead author. "Biocomputing is a major endeavor to harness computing power and drive efficiencies beyond the limitations of our current technology."

Human brain versus artificial intelligence

Although artificial intelligence is inspired by human thought processes, the technology cannot fully replicate all the capabilities of the human brain. Because of these vulnerabilities, people can use image- or text-based CAPTCHAs, or use fully automated public Turing tests to distinguish between computers and humans as an Internet security measure to prove they are not bots.

The Turing test, also known as the imitation game, was developed in the 1950s by British mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing to assess how well machines exhibit human-like intelligent behavior.

But how can computers defend against human brains?

Supercomputers can process numbers faster than humans.

"For example, AlphaGo [the AI ​​that beat the world's No. 1 Go player in 2017] was trained based on data from 160,000 games," said Hartung. "One would have to play five hours a day for over 175 years to experience so much play."

On the other hand, the human brain is more energy efficient and also better at learning and making complex logical decisions. Basic things like distinguishing one animal from another is something that the human brain can easily handle, but computers cannot.

The $600 million supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Frontier, Tennessee weighs 8,000 pounds (3,629 kg), with each cabinet weighing the equivalent of two standard trucks. In June, the machine surpassed the processing power of a single human brain, Hartung said, but used a million times more energy.

"The brain is still unique in modern computers," said Hartung.

"The brain also has an extraordinary capacity to store about 2,500 (terabytes) worth of information," he added. "We have reached the physical limit of silicon computers in that we cannot fit more transistors onto a smaller chip."

How do biocomputers work?

Stem cell pioneers John B. Gordon and Shinya Yamanaka received the 2012 Nobel Prize for developing a method for generating cells from mature tissue such as skin. Basic research has allowed scientists like Hartung to create brain organoids that can be used to mimic a living brain and to test and identify drugs that may pose a risk to brain health.

© Courtesy of CNN Hartung has worked with brain organelles for years. – Contributed by Will Kirk/Johns Hopkins University.

Hartung recalls other researchers asking whether brain organelles could think or be conscious. This question made him think about how to provide organelles with information about the environment and how to interact with it.

"This opens up opportunities to study how the human brain works," said Hartung, who is also co-director of the Center for Alternatives to Animal Experiments in Europe. "Because you can start to manipulate the system and do things to the human brain that you can't do ethically."

Hartung defines organoid intelligence as “the replication of cognitive functions such as learning and sensory processing in laboratory-developed models of the human brain.”

The brain organelles that Hartung currently uses must be added for OI, or organelle intelligence. Each organelle consists of the same number of cells as the fruit fly's nervous system. The size of the organoid is equivalent to about one-thirty million human brains, which equates to a storage capacity of about 800 megabytes.

“They are very small, about 50,000 cells each. "We need to increase this amount to 10 million for OI," he said.

Researchers also needed a way to communicate with organisms to transmit information and learn about what those organisms were "thinking". The research authors developed a plan that included bioengineering and machine learning tools, as well as new innovations. Allowing different types of inputs and outputs in organelle networks would enable more complex tasks, the researchers wrote in the study.

“We developed a brain-computer interface device with a kind of EEG (electroencephalogram) cover for organelles. We presented it in a paper published last August,” said Hartung. "It's a flexible, hermetically sealed shell with tiny electrodes that can pick up signals and send signals to organs."

Hartung hopes that one day there will be a useful channel of communication between artificial intelligence and artificial intelligence, "allowing them to discover each other's capabilities."

How to use OI

The researchers say that the most important contribution of organoid intelligence may be in human medicine.

Brain organoids can be made from skin samples of patients with neurological diseases, allowing scientists to test how various drugs and other factors might affect them.

"With the help of AI, we can also investigate the cognitive aspects of neurological diseases," said Hartung. "For example, we can compare memory formation in the organelles of healthy people and Alzheimer's patients and try to correct for relative deficiencies. We can also use artificial intelligence to test whether certain substances, such as pesticides, cause memory or learning problems."

Brain organelles may also open up new ways of understanding human cognition.

"We wanted to compare brain organelles from an autistic donor and brain organelles from a normally developing donor," Lena Smirnova, professor of environmental health and engineering at Johns Hopkins University, said in a statement.

“The tools we developed for Biological Computing are the same tools that will help us understand the neural network changes that are characteristic of autism without using animals or referring patients, so we can understand why patients develop these cognitive problems. and distractions," he said.

The use of brain organelles to create organoid intelligence is still in its infancy. Hartung said it would take decades to create computer-like artificial intelligence with the intelligence of mice.

But there are already promising results that suggest it's possible. The study's co-author, Dr. Brett Kagan, senior scientist at Cortical Laboratories in Melbourne, Australia, and his team recently showed that brain cells can learn to play a video game called Pong.

"Your team has tested it with brain organelles," said Hartung. “And I would say that replicating these experiments with organisms is within the basic definition of AI. Therefore, it is simply a matter of creating the community, tools and technology to realize the full potential of AI."

Ethics of brain organelles

Making human brain organelles cognitive raises a number of ethical questions, including whether they can develop consciousness or feel pain and whether the people whose cells are used to create them have the right to own those organelles.

"An important part of our vision is developing OI in an ethical and socially responsible way," said Hartung. “That's why we've been working with ethicists from the start to take an integrated ethics approach. All ethical issues are continuously evaluated as investigations continue by a panel of scientists, ethicists and the public."

Julian Kindler, emeritus professor of intellectual property law at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, wrote in a separate Policy Perspective that public engagement is critical to understanding and developing AI. Pediatric teachers were not involved in the new OI study.

"We are entering a new world where human interaction is blurring boundaries," Kindler wrote. “Society cannot passively wait for new discoveries; It should identify and resolve potential ethical dilemmas and ensure that all practices are within ethical boundaries.

"The rise of artificial intelligence like ChatGPT has made some people wonder how close computers are to passing the Turing test," wrote Gary Miller, dean for research and innovation strategy and professor of environmental health sciences at Columbia University in New York. The "Perspective" article was published on Tuesday. Miller was not involved in the Johns Hopkins research.

© CNN Brain organelles may one day be used to power biocomputers. – Contributed by Will Kirk/Johns Hopkins University.

He writes that while ChatGPT can collect data efficiently over the internet, it cannot respond to changes in temperature like cultured cell systems.

"Organic systems in the brain may represent fundamental aspects of intelligence and emotion," writes Miller.

"It's morally strong, and where we're always going to be scientific. and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and amount and amount.

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Arcturan disrupts negative astral and and [activation]

In recent years, the demand for personal computers has been very low. Global PC shipments fell more than 16% last year, according to marketing firm Gartner. This is mainly due to the fact that many of us upgraded our computers at the start of the pandemic and consumers now have the hardware they need.

But on Monday, the Commerce Department said manufacturers ordered more computers and other electronic devices in January. In fact, these reserves have been growing throughout most of the pandemic. So what is driving all this demand?

It's not just about the desktop. They are also electronic components.

"Think farm equipment, for example," says Tim Feuer of the Institute of Supply Management. "Agricultural equipment works really well. And there's a lot of electronics in farm equipment."

There are many other growing industries that also need such equipment; “Production of components and signal processors for the automotive, aerospace and defense industries,” Fury said.

According to David Garfield of consulting firm AlixPartners, another reason some companies are investing in computers and other electronics is because they are trying to fill a labor shortage.

He says many companies are spending more on software automation and optimization. “All of this also requires investment in infrastructure and strong teams.”

As consumers buy fewer computers, companies tend to have faster replacement cycles, according to Andrew Hewitt, a senior analyst at Forrester.

“Even if the organizations come out in 2020 and completely modernize their fleet, they are now at a stage where they are going to start modernizing some of them,” he said.

Especially since many people have started using their computers more for work during the pandemic, Hewitt added.

“Especially if people work eight, nine or 10 hours a day from home, they put a lot of stress on the computer,” he said. "It actually prompted a lot of the decision makers I spoke to to upgrade faster because the hardware hasn't lasted that long."

Computer hardware supply chains are also improving, Hewitt said, so imports are growing faster.

Buying extra RAM is a waste of time for gamers. (2022)

• Marty Cooper, considered the father of the cell phone, told CNBC at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona that the next generation of devices will be "embedded under the skin of their ears".
• Such devices don't need to be charged because "your body is the perfect charger," says Cooper.
• Cooper said he never thought cell phones would become the laptops they are today.

© Provided by CNBC Martin Cooper made the first call on April 3, 1973

BARCELONA, Spain — Instead of being rectangular black slabs, cell phones will one day be devices embedded in our skin, according to cell phone inventors.

"The next generation of cell phones will fit under the skin of their ears," Marty Cooper, who is credited with inventing the first cell phone in 1973, told CNBC in an interview at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona on Monday.

Such devices don't need to be charged because "your body is the perfect charger," says Cooper. “When you eat, your body creates energy, right? »

"You eat food, your body produces energy. It takes power to run this headset," he added.

His vision hints at a possible future phase of humanity in which our bodies will be augmented with powerful chips and sensors.

Several startups are developing technology aimed at integrating computers with human brains, such as Elon Musk's Neuralink.

According to Cooper, today's smartphones are too complicated with too many applications and screens that don't fit the curves of the human face.

"Anytime I'm on the phone and don't have a receiver handy, I have to put this flat cloth on my crooked head [and] hold my hand in an awkward position," he says.

GSMA Chair: Europe accepts that Big Tech supports the use of the network

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The smartphone market has stagnated in recent years and there is a sense in the industry that manufacturers are struggling to come up with innovative designs.

The current proliferation of mobile phones has created a number of problems ranging from social media addiction to invasion of privacy.

"Privacy is a very serious issue, addiction is a problem," said Cooper, admitting to the crimes of his creation.

But he struck an optimistic tone about the future, hinting that technology's best days in fields like education and healthcare may be yet to come.

"I have unshakable faith in humanity," Cooper said. "I look at history and all the advances we've made with technology, and some people know that."

"People are better off now. And they are living longer. They are richer, they are healthier than before. We have had our ups and downs. But overall, humanity is getting better."

Ericsson CEO: Too early in the 5G cycle

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Cooper received a lifetime achievement award at MWC this week to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the first telephone call on Sixth Avenue. Using a Motorola DynaTAC 8000X from the popular film Wall Street, he beat AT&T's main competitor, Joel S. A shout out to Engel

Cooper said he never thought cell phones would become the laptops they are today.

"50 years ago it was a very primitive time," he said. "No internet, no big integrated circuits, no digital cameras."

"The idea that one day your cell phone would become both a camera and an encyclopedia never crossed our minds."

However, he added: “We know it's important to stay connected. And we joke that one day when you're born, you get a phone number. And if you don't answer the phone, you're going to die."

"So we knew that one day everyone would have a cell phone. And it almost did."

According to Cooper, the world now has more cell phone subscriptions than people, with two-thirds of the world's population owning personal cell phones. "The telephone is an extension of a person's hand," he said.

Watch: Three decades after the invention of the internet, Tim Berners-Lee has some ideas for fixing it

Evening in the most abandoned house!

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February 26, 2023 (The Expresswire) – Global Refurbished Computers Market research report provides an in-depth analysis of current industry trends, key growth drivers, restraints, industry dynamics, opportunities and challenges. The report covers all the key aspects based on factors such as industry segments, size and trends, key drivers, company revenue, and Porter's Five Forces Analysis. Refurbished Computers Market is predicted to witness considerable growth due to its wide range of applications, recent developments, rising trends, mergers, acquisitions, business overview and company profiles keys.

মার্কেটওয়াচ সংবাদ বিভাগ এই তৈরির সাথে সাথে ছিল।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।

ভবিষ্যতের 14 বৃদ্ধির শিল্প [2022 সংস্করণ]

We all have childhood dreams, but as we grow up, our perception of life and even our interests change.

This is exactly what happened to Susan Chang, who trained and worked as a nurse for several years, but started an IT company with her husband Alfred.

According to a Fiji Times article of 21 January 1984, he became manager of the Alpha Computer Center and his life thereafter revolved around marketing and training new computer operators.

"To learn more about computers, their applications and programming, it takes interest, patience and willingness to work," he said.

Initially, one of Susan's tasks was to study the workings of complex machines.

But the more he learned, the more exciting it became, he said.

The Alpha Computer Center opened in November 1982 at Vanua's home in Suva.

"It was difficult because people didn't know much about computers and those who knew thought the price was high because of the capabilities of the machines," said Susan, who was born in Malaysia.

Susan traveled to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Adelaide, Australia to complete a general nursing course through an Australian family volunteer supported program.

While studying in Adelaide, he met Alfred Fiji, who was on a scholarship to pursue an electrical engineering degree.

You got married in Australia. Susan said her husband graduated before her and worked for an electronics company. Before moving to Fiji in 1976, she and her husband visited family in Malaysia.

Alfred and his uncle founded Alpha Electronic Industries and bought the Commodore and Sirius computer trading agency in 1978.

Commodore was an American brand and controlled the South Pacific region with its headquarters in Sydney.

Susan followed her uncle Alfred when he moved to his father's farm in Kolo te Suva in 1980.

"I was sent to Commodore headquarters in Sydney to learn how to use the computer as a word processor."

After his return, Susan's important station was at the Bureau of Statistics, then at the Treasury.

He also worked with some schools that had computers. He taught students programming and all USP computers were provided by Alpha.

Slim and petite, Susan was an energetic businesswoman.

Manages office, travels to facilities to install computers and train operators.

His clients have included the South Pacific Educational Evaluation Commission, Fiji National Reserve Fund, Fiji International Telecommunications Ltd and many others.

He said Fiji Industries Ltd used Commodore to manage its accounts, while Data Service Centers Ltd in Nadi managed the accounts of about 60 companies on two computers.

Susan said that not every business needs a computer. It depended on the size of the company.

"If it's a big problem, computerize it, otherwise stick to the calculator and go to the manual."

In the same year, the Fiji Computer Society launched its first computer magazine at the Civic Centre.

The top ten IT companies showcased their innovative devices over two days.

Susan said it was great to see so many parents taking their children to the show as there were computers where children could play educational games.

"Our booth had both desktops and PCs, and I found that the PCs got more attention."

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